[mlir] Support for mutable types

Introduce support for mutable storage in the StorageUniquer infrastructure.
This makes MLIR have key-value storage instead of just uniqued key storage. A
storage instance now contains a unique immutable key and a mutable value, both
stored in the arena allocator that belongs to the context. This is a
preconditio for supporting recursive types that require delayed initialization,
in particular LLVM structure types.  The functionality is exercised in the test
pass with trivial self-recursive type. So far, recursive types can only be
printed in parsed in a closed type system. Removing this restriction is left
for future work.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D84171