[libc++] Use the using_if_exists attribute when provided

As discussed on cfe-dev [1], use the using_if_exists Clang attribute when
the compiler supports it. This makes it easier to port libc++ on top of
new platforms that don't fully support the C Standard library.

Previously, libc++ would fail to build when trying to import a missing
declaration in a <cXXXX> header. With the attribute, the declaration will
simply not be imported into namespace std, and hence it won't be available
for libc++ to use. In many cases, the declarations were *not* actually
required for libc++ to work (they were only surfaced for users to use
them as std::XXXX), so not importing them into namespace std is acceptable.

The same thing could be achieved by conscious usage of `#ifdef` along
with platform detection, however that quickly creates a maintenance
problem as libc++ is ported to new platforms. Furthermore, this problem
is exacerbated when mixed with vendor internal-only platforms, which can
lead to difficulties maintaining a downstream fork of the library.

For the time being, we only use the using_if_exists attribute when it
is supported. At some point in the future, we will start removing #ifdef
paths that are unnecessary when the attribute is supported, and folks
who need those #ifdef paths will be required to use a compiler that
supports the attribute.

[1]: http://lists.llvm.org/pipermail/cfe-dev/2020-June/066038.html

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D90257