[libc++] Improve atomic_fetch_(add|sub).*.

While looking at the review comments in D103765 there was an oddity in
the tests for the following functions:
- atomic_fetch_add
- atomic_fetch_add_explicit
- atomic_fetch_sub
- atomic_fetch_sub_explicit

Libc++ allows usage of
`atomic_fetch_add<int>(atomic<int*>*, atomic<int*>::difference_type);`
MSVC and GCC reject this code: https://godbolt.org/z/9d8WzohbE

This makes the atomic `fetch(add|sub).*` Standard conforming and removes the non-conforming extensions.

Fixes PR47908

Reviewed By: ldionne, #libc

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D103983