[mlir] LLVMType: make getUnderlyingType private

The current modeling of LLVM IR types in MLIR is based on the LLVMType class
that wraps a raw `llvm::Type *` and delegates uniquing, printing and parsing to
LLVM itself. This is model makes thread-safe type manipulation hard and is
being progressively replaced with a cleaner MLIR model that replicates the type
system. In the new model, LLVMType will no longer have an underlying LLVM IR
type. Restrict access to this type in the current model in preparation for the
change.

Reviewed By: nicolasvasilache

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D84389