[mlir] Cleanup lingering problems surrounding attribute/type aliases

This commit refactors attribute/type alias generation to be similar to how
we do it for operations, i.e. we generate aliases determined on what is
actually necessary when printing the IR (using a dummy printer for alias
collection). This allows for generating aliases only when necessary, and
also allows for proper propagation of when a nested alias can be deferred.
This also necessitated a fix for location parsing to actually parse aliases
instead of ignoring them.

Fixes #59041

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D138886