Make common_type's implementation common

Summary:
Currently the C++03 implementation of common_type has much different behavior than the C++11 one. This causes bugs, including inside `<chrono>`.

This patch unifies the two implementations as best it can. The more code they share, the less their behavior can diverge. 

Reviewers: mclow.lists, ldionne, sbenza

Reviewed By: mclow.lists, ldionne

Subscribers: libcxx-commits

Tags: #libc

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D59678

llvm-svn: 357370