[llvm-symbolizer][test] Extract tests from llvm-symbolizer.test and simplify (#1)

This is the second of a series of patches simplifying llvm-symbolizer
tests. See r352752 for the first. This one splits out 5 distinct test
cases from llvm-symbolizer.test into separate tests, and simplifies them
slightly by using --obj/positional arguments for the input file and
addresses instead of stdin.

See https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=40070#c1 for the motivation.

Reviewed by: dblaikie

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D57443

llvm-svn: 352753