[WebAssembly] Add Emscripten OS definition + small_printf

The Emscripten OS provides a definition of __EMSCRIPTEN__, and also that it
supports iprintf optimizations.

Also define small_printf optimizations, which is a printf with float support
but not long double (which in wasm can be useful since long doubles are 128
bit and force linking of float128 emulation code). This part is based on
sunfish's https://reviews.llvm.org/D57620 (which can't land yet since
the WASI integration isn't ready yet).

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D60167

llvm-svn: 357552