[libcxx] P0604, invoke_result and is_invocable

Summary:
Introduce a new form of `result_of` without function type encoding.

Rename and split `is_callable/is_nothrow_callable` into `is_invocable/is_nothrow_invocable/is_invocable_r/is_nothrow_invocable_r` (and associated types accordingly)

Change function type encoding of previous `is_callable/is_nothrow_callable` traits to conventional template type parameter lists.


Reviewers: EricWF, mclow.lists, bebuch

Reviewed By: EricWF, bebuch

Subscribers: lichray, bebuch, cfe-commits

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D38831

llvm-svn: 320509