[libc++] [ranges] SFINAE-friendly "write it three times" in views::counted.

Before this patch, the new test's `CountedInvocable<int*, int*>`
would hard-error instead of SFINAEing and cleanly returning false.

Notice that views::counted specifically does NOT work with pipes;
`counted(42)` is ill-formed. This is because `counted`'s first argument
is supposed to be an iterator, not a range.

Also, mark `views::counted(it, n)` as [[nodiscard]], and test that.
(We have a general policy now that range adaptors are consistently
marked [[nodiscard]], so that people don't accidentally think that
they have side effects. This matters mostly for `reverse` and
`transform`, arguably `drop`, and just generally let's be consistent.)

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D115177