[libc++] Implement P1989R2: range constructor for string_view

Implement P1989R2 which adds a range constructor for `string_view`.

Adjust `operator/=` in `path` to avoid atomic constraints caching issue
getting provoked from this PR.

Add defaulted template argument to `string_view`'s "sufficient
overloads" to avoid mangling issues in `clang-cl` builds. It is a
MSVC mangling bug that this works around.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D113161