Add MLIR Rationale converted to g3doc.

This CL only converts the document to the g3doc format and does some minor
typesetting, e.g. removing unicode ellipsis and mdash symbols, replace single
quotes with backticks to trigger tt-type dispay, etc.  The original document
is located at
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1KoVYgp-m-dgAyKwqRne2c72j0FoxpsdNgfa9DTfWGgw/view
Links to the sections of the same document are updated to point to the anchors
in the converted document whereas links to external documents are kept as is.
Cross-links between LangRef.md and Rationale.md are updated to point to the
relevant anchors in the g3doc files.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 218527560