AsmWriter: Escape string fields in metadata

Properly escape string fields in metadata.  I've added a spot-check with
direct coverage for `MDFile::getFilename()`, but we'll get more coverage
once the hierarchy is moved into place (since this comes up in various
checked-in testcases).

I've replicated the `if` logic using the `ShouldSkipEmpty` flag
(although a follow-up commit is going to change how often this flag is
specified); no NFCI other than escaping the string fields.

llvm-svn: 230875