Fix mangling of substitutions for template-prefixes.

Previously we only considered using a substitution for a template-name
after already having mangled its prefix, so we'd produce nonsense
manglings like NS3_S4_IiEE where we should simply produce NS4_IiEE.

This is not ABI-compatible with previous Clang versions, and the old
behavior is restored by -fclang-abi-compat=11.0 or earlier.