Cache uwnind frame headers as they are found.

Summary:
This improves unwind performance quite substantially, and follows
a somewhat similar approach used in libgcc_s as described in the
thread here:

https://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2005-02/msg00625.html

On certain extremely exception heavy internal tests, the time
drops from about 80 minutes to about five minutes.

Subscribers: libcxx-commits

Tags: #libc

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D75954