[TSan] Report proper error on allocator failures instead of CHECK(0)-ing

Summary:
Following up on and complementing D44404 and other sanitizer allocators.

Currently many allocator specific errors (OOM, for example) are reported as
a text message and CHECK(0) termination, no stack, no details, not too
helpful nor informative. To improve the situation, detailed and structured
common errors were defined and reported under the appropriate conditions.

Common tests were generalized a bit to cover a slightly different TSan
stack reporting format, extended to verify errno value and returned
pointer value check is now explicit to facilitate debugging.

Reviewers: dvyukov

Subscribers: srhines, kubamracek, delcypher, #sanitizers, llvm-commits

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D48087

llvm-svn: 334975