[libc] Add range reduction functions based on Paine and Hanek algorithm.

These functions will be used in a future patch to implement
trigonometric functions. Unit tests have been added but to the
libc-long-running-tests suite. The unit tests long running because we
compare against MPFR computations performed at 1280 bits of precision.

Some cleanups or elimination of repeated patterns can be done as follow
up changes.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D104817