Add python bindings for Type and IntegerType.

* The binding for Type is trivial and should be non-controversial.
* The way that I define the IntegerType should serve as a pattern for what I want to do next.
* I propose defining the rest of the standard types in this fashion and then generalizing for dialect types as necessary.
* Essentially, creating/accessing a concrete Type (vs interacting with the string form) is done by "casting" to the concrete type (i.e. IntegerType can be constructed with a Type and will throw if the cast is illegal).
* This deviates from some of our previous discussions about global objects but I think produces a usable API and we should go this way.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D86179