[libc++] [P1614] Implement [cmp.alg]'s std::{strong,weak,partial}_order.

This does not include `std::compare_*_fallback`; those are coming later.

There's still an open question of how to implement std::strong_order
for `long double`, which has 80 value bits and 48 padding bits on x86-64,
and which is presumably *not* IEEE 754-compliant on PPC64 and so on.
So that part is left unimplemented.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D110738