[codeview] Reference types in type parent scopes

Without this change, when a nested tag type of any kind (enum, class,
struct, union) is used as a variable type, it is emitted without
emitting the parent type. In CodeView, parent types point to their inner
types, and inner types do not point back to their parents. We already
walk over all of the parent scopes to build the fully qualified name.
This change simply requests their type indices as we go along to enusre
they are all emitted.

Fixes PR43905

Reviewers: akhuang, amccarth

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D69924