[IR] Add helper to convert offset to GEP indices

We implement logic to convert a byte offset into a sequence of GEP
indices for that offset in a number of places. This patch adds a
DataLayout::getGEPIndicesForOffset() method, which implements the
core logic. I've updated SROA, ConstantFolding and InstCombine to
use it, and there's a few more places where it looks relevant.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D110043