Add methods to data extractor for extracting bytes and fixed length C strings.

Summary:
These modificaitons will be used in D74883.

Fixed length C strings can have trailing NULLs or sometimes spaces (BSD archive files), so the fixed length C string defaults to stripping trailing NULLs, but can have the arguments specify to remove one or more kinds of spaces if needed. This is used to extract fixed length C strings from ELF NOTEs in D74883.

Reviewers: labath, dblaikie, aprantl

Subscribers: hiraditya, llvm-commits

Tags: #llvm

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D74991