[libc++] Define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER whenever we enable warnings in the test suite

This should make CI consistent on all the compilers we support. Most of
this patch is working around various warnings emitted by GCC in our code
base, which are now being shown when we compile the tests.

After this patch, the whole test suite should be warning free on all
compilers we support and test, except for a few warnings on GCC that
we silence explicitly until we figure out the proper fix for them.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D120684