[libcxx] Fix building for windows after 54fa9ecd

Move the implementation of __libcpp_thread_poll_with_backoff
and __libcpp_timed_backoff_policy::operator() out of the
_LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_PTHREAD block. None of the code in these
methods is pthreads specific.

Also add "inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY" to
__libcpp_timed_backoff_policy::operator(), to avoid errors due to
multiple definitions of the operator. Contrary to
__libcpp_thread_poll_with_backoff (which is a template function),
this is a normal non-templated method.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D75102