Mark libc++ internal globals with _LIBCPP_SAFE_STATIC.

This patch applies the _LIBCPP_SAFE_STATIC attribute to internal globals,
most of which are locking primitives, in order to ensure that they can
safely be used during program startup.

This patch also fixes an unsafe static init issue with the global locks
used to implement atomic operations on shared pointers. Previously the
locks were initialized using a dynamically initialized pointer, so it was
possible that the pointer was uninitialized.

llvm-svn: 282640