Reland "[IR] Make AttributeSetNode public, avoid temporary AttributeList copies"

This re-lands r299875.

I introduced a bug in Clang code responsible for replacing K&R, no
prototype declarations with a real function definition with a prototype.
The bug was here:

       // Collect any return attributes from the call.
  -    if (oldAttrs.hasAttributes(llvm::AttributeList::ReturnIndex))
  -      newAttrs.push_back(llvm::AttributeList::get(newFn->getContext(),
  -                                                  oldAttrs.getRetAttributes()));
  +    newAttrs.push_back(oldAttrs.getRetAttributes());

Previously getRetAttributes() carried AttributeList::ReturnIndex in its
AttributeList. Now that we return the AttributeSetNode* directly, it no
longer carries that index, and we call this overload with a single node:
  AttributeList::get(LLVMContext&, ArrayRef<AttributeSetNode*>)

That aborted with an assertion on x86_32 targets. I added an explicit
triple to the test and added CHECKs to help find issues like this in the
future sooner.

llvm-svn: 299899