[lld-macho] Warn on method name collisions from category definitions

This implements ld64's checks for duplicate method names in categories &
classes.

In addition, this sets us up for implementing Obj-C category merging.
This diff handles the most of the parsing work; what's left is rewriting
those category / class structures.

Numbers for chromium_framework:

             base           diff           difference (95% CI)
  sys_time   2.182 ± 0.027  2.200 ± 0.047  [  -0.2% ..   +1.8%]
  user_time  6.451 ± 0.034  6.479 ± 0.062  [  -0.0% ..   +0.9%]
  wall_time  6.841 ± 0.048  6.885 ± 0.105  [  -0.1% ..   +1.4%]
  samples    33             22

Fixes https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/54912.

Reviewed By: #lld-macho, thevinster, oontvoo

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D142916