[sanitizer] Introduce a vDSO aware timing function

Summary:
See D40657 & D40679 for previous versions of this patch & description.

A couple of things were fixed here to have it not break some bots.
Weak symbols can't be used with `SANITIZER_GO` so the previous version was
breakin TsanGo. I set up some additional local tests and those pass now.

I changed the workaround for the glibc vDSO issue: `__progname` is initialized
after the vDSO and is actually public and of known type, unlike
`__vdso_clock_gettime`. This works better, and with all compilers.

The rest is the same.

Reviewers: alekseyshl

Reviewed By: alekseyshl

Subscribers: srhines, kubamracek, krytarowski, llvm-commits, #sanitizers

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D41121

llvm-svn: 320594