Resolution-based LTO API.

Summary:
This introduces a resolution-based LTO API. The main advantage of this API over
existing APIs is that it allows the linker to supply a resolution for each
symbol in each object, rather than the combined object as a whole. This will
become increasingly important for use cases such as ThinLTO which require us
to process symbol resolutions in a more complicated way than just adjusting
linkage.

Patch by Peter Collingbourne.

Reviewers: rafael, tejohnson, mehdi_amini

Subscribers: lhames, tejohnson, mehdi_amini, llvm-commits

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D20268

Address review comments

llvm-svn: 278330