Remove an expensive lock from Timer

The Timer destructor would grab a global mutex in order to update
execution time. Add a class to define a category once, statically; the
class adds itself to an atomic singly linked list, and thus subsequent
updates only need to use an atomic rather than grab a lock and perform a
hashtable lookup.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D32823
Patch by Scott Smith <scott.smith@purestorage.com>.

llvm-svn: 303058