Implement a new kind of Pass: dynamic pass pipeline

Instead of performing a transformation, such pass yields a new pass pipeline
to run on the currently visited operation.
This feature can be used for example to implement a sub-pipeline that
would run only on an operation with specific attributes. Another example
would be to compute a cost model and dynamic schedule a pipeline based
on the result of this analysis.

Discussion: https://llvm.discourse.group/t/rfc-dynamic-pass-pipeline/1637

Recommit after fixing an ASAN issue: the callback lambda needs to be
allocated to a temporary to have its lifetime extended to the end of the
current block instead of just the current call expression.

Reviewed By: silvas

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D86392