[libc++] Replace __sync_* functions with __libcpp_atomic_* functions

Summary:
This patch replaces __sync_* with __libcpp_atomic_* and adds a wrapper
function for __atomic_exchange to support _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS.

Reviewers: EricWF, jroelofs, mclow.lists, compnerd

Reviewed By: EricWF, compnerd

Subscribers: compnerd, efriedma, cfe-commits, joerg, llvm-commits

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D35235

llvm-svn: 313694