[mlir][sparse] generalize sparse storage format to many more types

Rationale:
Narrower types for overhead storage yield a smaller memory footprint for
sparse tensors and thus needs to be supported. Also, more value types
need to be supported to deal with all kinds of kernels. Since the
"one-size-fits-all" sparse storage scheme implementation is used
instead of actual codegen, the library needs to be able to support
all combinations of desired types. With some crafty templating and
overloading, the actual code for this is kept reasonably sized though.

Reviewed By: bixia

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D96819