[ubsan-minimal] Fix the ubsan_minimal debug build (COMPILER_RT_DEBUG=1) on macOS.

`ubsan_minimal` makes use of the `_sanitizer::atomic_load` function.
This function uses the `DCHECK` macro which in debug builds will use
the `_sanitizer::CheckFailed` function.

This function is part of `sanitizer_common` but `ubsan_minimal` doesn't
use this so the implementation is missing which leads to link failures
on macOS when trying to link `libclang_rt.ubsan_minimal_osx_dynamic.dylib`.
This is in contrast to the BFD linker on Linux which doesn't seem to care
about the missing symbol.

A basic implementation of `_sanitizer::CheckFailed` has been added to
the `ubsan_minimal` debug build to avoid the link error. The
implementation could definitely be improved but I don't know which
functions can be used in this context so I decided to restrict myself to
functions only being used in `ubsan_minimal` already.

llvm-svn: 326032