Add support for arc4random() to random_device.

Nuxi CloudABI (https://github.com/NuxiNL/cloudlibc) does not allow
processes to access the global filesystem namespace. This breaks
random_device, as it attempts to use /dev/{u,}random. This change adds
support for arc4random(), which is present on CloudABI.

In my opinion it would also make sense to use arc4random() on other
operating systems, such as *BSD and Mac OS X, but I'd rather leave that
to the maintainers of the respective platforms. Switching to
arc4random() does change the ABI.

This change also attempts to make some cleanups to the code. It adds a
single #define for every random interface, instead of testing against
operating systems explicitly.

As discussed, also validate the token argument to be equal to
"/dev/urandom" on all systems that only provide pseudo-random numbers.
This should cause little to no breakage, as "/dev/urandom" is also the
default argument value.

Reviewed by: jfb
Differential Revision: http://reviews.llvm.org/D8134

llvm-svn: 231764