[UBSan] Split -fsanitize=shift into -fsanitize=shift-base and -fsanitize=shift-exponent.

This is a recommit of r231150, reverted in r231409. Turns out
that -fsanitize=shift-base check implementation only works if the
shift exponent is valid, otherwise it contains undefined behavior
itself.

Make sure we check that exponent is valid before we proceed to
check the base. Make sure that we actually report invalid values
of base or exponent if -fsanitize=shift-base or
-fsanitize=shift-exponent is specified, respectively.

llvm-svn: 231711