IR: Add MDNode::replaceWithPermanent()

Add new API for converting temporaries that may self-reference.
Self-referencing nodes are not allowed to be uniqued, so sending them
into `replaceWithUniqued()` is dangerous (and this commit adds
assertions that prevent it).

`replaceWithPermanent()` has similar semantics to `get()` followed by
calls to `replaceOperandWith()`.  In particular, if there's a
self-reference, it returns a distinct node; otherwise, it returns a
uniqued one.  Like `replaceWithUniqued()` and `replaceWithDistinct()`
(well, it calls out to them) it mutates the temporary node in place if
possible, only calling `replaceAllUsesWith()` on a uniquing collision.

llvm-svn: 228726