[BasicAA] Reduce no of map seaches [NFCI].

Summary:
This is a refactoring patch.
- Reduce the number of map searches by reusing the iterator.
- Add asserts to check that the entry is in the cache, as this is something BasicAA relies on to avoid infinite recursion.

Reviewers: chandlerc, aschwaighofer

Subscribers: sanjoy, jlebar, llvm-commits

Tags: #llvm

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D59151

llvm-svn: 356644