Enhance a bunch of transformations in instcombine to start generating

exact/nsw/nuw shifts and have instcombine infer them when it can prove
that the relevant properties are true for a given shift without them.

Also, a variety of refactoring to use the new patternmatch logic thrown
in for good luck.  I believe that this takes care of a bunch of related
code quality issues attached to PR8862.

llvm-svn: 125267