Teach the reassociate pass to fold chains of multiplies with repeated

elements to minimize the number of multiplies required to compute the
final result. This uses a heuristic to attempt to form near-optimal
binary exponentiation-style multiply chains. While there are some cases
it misses, it seems to at least a decent job on a very diverse range of
inputs.

Initial benchmarks show no interesting regressions, and an 8%
improvement on SPASS. Let me know if any other interesting results (in
either direction) crop up!

Credit to Richard Smith for the core algorithm, and helping code the
patch itself.

llvm-svn: 155616