IR: Stop using DIDescriptor::is*() and auto-casting

`DIDescriptor`'s subclasses allow construction from incompatible
pointers, and `DIDescriptor` defines a series of `isa<>`-like functions
(e.g., `isCompileUnit()` instead of `isa<MDCompileUnit>()`) that clients
tend to use like this:

    if (DICompileUnit(N).isCompileUnit())
      foo(DICompileUnit(N));

These construction patterns work together to make `DIDescriptor` behave
differently from normal pointers.

Instead, use built-in `isa<>`, `dyn_cast<>`, etc., and only build
`DIDescriptor`s from pointers that are valid for their type.

I've split this into a few commits for different parts of LLVM and clang
(to decrease the patch size and increase the chance of review).
Generally the changes I made were NFC, but in a few places I made things
stricter if it made sense from the surrounded code.

Eventually a follow-up commit will remove the API for the "old" way.

llvm-svn: 234255