[clangd] Cache FS stat() calls when building preamble.

Summary:
The file stats can be reused when preamble is reused (e.g. code
completion). It's safe to assume that cached status is not outdated as we
assume preamble files to remain unchanged.

On real file system, this made code completion ~20% faster on a measured file
(with big preamble). The preamble build time doesn't change much.

Reviewers: sammccall, ilya-biryukov

Reviewed By: sammccall

Subscribers: mgorny, MaskRay, jkorous, arphaman, kadircet, cfe-commits

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D52419

llvm-svn: 343576