DI: Add Function::getSubprogram()

Add `Function::setSubprogram()` and `Function::getSubprogram()`,
convenience methods to forward to `setMetadata()` and `getMetadata()`,
respectively, and deal in `DISubprogram` instead of `MDNode`.

Also add a verifier check to enforce that `!dbg` attachments are always
subprograms.

Originally (when I had the llvm-dev discussion back in April) I thought
I'd store a pointer directly on `llvm::Function` for these attachments
-- we frequently have debug info, and that's much cheaper than using map
in the context if there are no other function-level attachments -- but
for now I'm just using the generic infrastructure.  Let's add the extra
complexity only if this shows up in a profile.

llvm-svn: 246339