[scudo] Introduce Chunk::getHeaderSize

Summary:
Instead of using `AlignedChunkHeaderSize`, introduce a `constexpr` function
`getHeaderSize` in the `Chunk` namespace. Switch `RoundUpTo` to a `constexpr`
as well (so we can use it in `constexpr` declarations). Mark a few variables
in the areas touched as `const`.

Overall this has no functional change, and is mostly to make things a bit more
consistent.

Reviewers: alekseyshl

Reviewed By: alekseyshl

Subscribers: delcypher, #sanitizers, llvm-commits

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D43772

llvm-svn: 326206