ValueMapper: Make LocalAsMetadata match function-local Values

Start treating LocalAsMetadata similarly to function-local members of
the Value hierarchy in MapValue and MapMetadata.

  - Don't memoize them.
  - Return nullptr if they are missing.

This also cleans up ConstantAsMetadata to stop listening to the
RF_IgnoreMissingLocals flag.

llvm-svn: 265631