Query the StringMap only once when creating MDString (NFC)

Summary:
Loading IR with debug info improves MDString::get() from 19ms to 10ms.
This is a rework of D16597 with adding an "emplace" method on the StringMap
to avoid requiring the MDString move ctor to be public.

Reviewers: dexonsmith

Subscribers: llvm-commits

Differential Revision: http://reviews.llvm.org/D17920

From: Mehdi Amini <mehdi.amini@apple.com>
llvm-svn: 264386