Support: Add LLVM_NODISCARD with C++17's [[nodiscard]] semantics

This is essentially a more powerful version of our current
LLVM_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED_RESULT, in that it can also be applied to types
and generate warnings whenever an object of that type is returned by
value and the value is discarded.

I'll replace uses of LLVM_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED_RESULT and remove that
macro in follow up commits.

llvm-svn: 284286