Add member template 'Type::getAs<T>', which converts a Type* to a respective T*.

This method is intended to eventually replace the individual
Type::getAsXXXType<> methods.

The motivation behind this change is twofold:

1) Reduce redundant implementations of Type::getAsXXXType() methods. Most of
them are basically copy-and-paste.

2) By centralizing the implementation of the getAs<Type> logic we can more
smoothly move over to Doug Gregor's proposed canonical type smart pointer
scheme.

Along with this patch:

a) Removed 'Type::getAsPointerType()'; now clients use getAs<PointerType>.
b) Removed 'Type::getAsBlockPointerTypE()'; now clients use getAs<BlockPointerType>.

llvm-svn: 76098