Fix PR12378: provide conversion warnings on default args of function templates

Apparently we weren't checking default arguments when they were instantiated.
This adds the check, fixes the lack of instantiation caching (which seems like
it was mostly implemented but just missed the last step), and avoids
implementing non-dependent default args (for non-dependent parameter types) as
uninstantiated default arguments (so that we don't warn once for every
instantiation when it's not instantiation dependent).

Reviewed by Richard Smith.

llvm-svn: 155838