PR16995: Failing to associate static members with their enclosing class

In the transition from declaration (with some members) to definition, we
were overwriting the list of members with the empty list when attaching
template parameters.

The fix is in llvm::DICompositeType::addMember (along with asserts that
cause this bug to be covered by existing Clang test cases), including
adding some asserts to catch this sort of issue which found issues fixed
in this commit.

llvm-svn: 189494